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Learn Linux from the basics to advanced topics.
Learn how to use a Raspberry Pi Pico
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Learn Docker, the leading containerization platform. Docker is used to build, ship, and run applications in a consistent and reliable manner, making it a popular choice for DevOps and cloud-native development.
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Learn how to build robots, starting with the basics, then move on to learning Python and MicroPython for microcontrollers, finally learn how to make things with Fusion 360.
Learn Python, the most popular programming language in the world. Python is used in many different areas, including Web Development, Data Science, Machine Learning, Robotics and more.
Learn how to create robots in 3D, using Fusion 360 and FreeCAD. The models can be printed out using a 3d printer and then assembled into a physical robot.
Learn how to create Databases in Python, with SQLite3 and Redis.
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By Kevin McAleer, 5 Minutes
File permissions and ownership are critical for system security and multi-user environments. This lesson will teach you how to view and modify file permissions and ownership.
chmod
chown
Every file and directory in Linux has a set of permissions that determine who can read, write, or execute it. These are represented by a series of letters and dashes, like -rwxr-xr-x.
-rwxr-xr-x
Permissions are divided into three groups:
In Unix-like operating systems (like Linux), every file and directory has a set of permissions that determine who can read, write, or execute them. These permissions control what different users can do with a file or directory.
r
w
x
cd
Permissions are set for three types of users:
Let’s say you have a file with the following permissions: rwxr-xr--.
rwxr-xr--
rwx
r-x
r--
Permissions ensure that files and directories are secure and that only the right people can access or modify them. Understanding these basics will help you manage your files better and keep your system safe.
Learning to work with these permissions is an essential skill when using the command line, especially in multi-user environments like Linux servers or shared systems.
To view the permissions of a file, use the ls -l command:
ls -l
ls -l example.txt
The chmod command is used to change file permissions. For example, to make a file executable by the owner, use:
chmod u+x example.sh
the u+x means add execute permission for the owner. You can also use g for group and o for others:
u+x
g
o
chmod g+r example.sh chmod o-w example.sh
You can also use numeric values to set permissions:
chmod 755 example.sh
The numeric values are calculated as follows:
The sum of these values gives the permission level. For example, 755 means:
755
The chown command changes the ownership of a file. For example, to change the owner of example.txt to pi:
sudo chown pi example.txt
In this example, pi is the new owner.
pi
To change the group ownership:
sudo chown :pi example.txt
In this example, pi is the new group owner.
In this lesson, you learned how to view and modify file permissions and ownership using the chmod and chown commands. Properly managing permissions is essential for securing your Raspberry Pi.
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